A phenolic acid phenethyl urea compound inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced production of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines in cell culture

We previously used the Curtius rearrangement to synthesize various phenolic acid phenethyl urea compounds from phenolic acids and demonstrated their beneficial anti-oxidant and anti-cancer effects. Here, we investigated the effects of one of these synthetic compounds, (E)-1-(3,4-dihydroxystyryl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)urea (DSHP-U), on nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, and cytokine secretion in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. DSHP-U suppressed LPS-induced NO production and iNOS expression at a concentration of 50 μM and inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 kinase. Inhibitors of phosphorylated (p)-ERK and p-p38, but not of p-JNK, reduced LPS-stimulated NO production. DSHP-U also prevented the nuclear translocation of the Rel A (p65) subunit and DNA-NF-κB binding by suppressing IκBα phosphorylation and by the degradation of IκBα in LPS-stimulated cells. Furthermore, DSHP-U decreased the production of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in LPS-treated macrophages. However, the LPS-stimulated expression of LPS receptors, such as Toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiation factor-2, and CD14, was unchanged after DSHP-U treatment at significantly high levels. Our data suggest that DSHP-U blocks NO and inflammatory cytokine production in LPS-stimulated macrophages and that these effects are mainly mediated through the inhibition of the ERK/p38- and NF-κB signaling pathways.