A Review of IoT and Machine Learning for Environmental Optimization in Aeroponics

Traditional farming practices are becoming increasingly inadequate to meet global food demand due to water scarcity, prolonged production cycles, climate variability, and declining arable land. In contrast, aeroponic, smart, soil-free farming technologies offer a more sustainable alternative by reducing land use and providing efficient water use, given that aeroponics intermittently delivers water in mist form rather than maintaining continuous root zone moisture. However, aeroponics faces critical challenges in irrigation management due to non-standardized structures and limited real-time control. A key limitation is the inability to dynamically respond to temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), light intensity (L_i), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and photosynthesis rate (P_n), resulting in suboptimal crop yields and resource wastage. Despite growing interest, there remains a research gap in integrating internet of things (IoT) and machine learning technologies into aeroponic systems for adaptive control. IoT-enabled sensors provide real-time data on ambient conditions and plant health, while ML models can adaptively optimize misting intervals based on the fluctuations in P_n and environmental inputs. These technologies are particularly well suited to address the dynamic, data-intensive nature of aeroponic environments. This review purposes a novel, standardized IoT–ML framework to control irrigation by emphasizing IoT sensing and ML-based decision making in aeroponics. This integrated approach is essential for minimizing water loss, enhancing resource efficiency, and advancing the sustainability of controlled-environment agriculture.