A unique scaffold for bone tissue engineering: An osteogenic combination of graphene oxide–hyaluronic acid–chitosan with simvastatin

The present study explores the first ever fabrication of graphene oxide (GO)–Chitosan (CS)–Hyaluronic acid (HA) based bioactive composite scaffold containing an osteogenesis-inducing drug simvastatin (SV) for bone tissue engineering application. Porosity, density, swelling, degradation and biomineralization studies favored the SV loaded GO–CS–HA scaffold in comparison to the conventional CS and HA based scaffolds. The in vitro results showed that the SV also offers a significant influence on osteogenesis and biomineralization and it possess excellent biocompatibility to be used as a bone tissue engineering scaffold, which is able to persuade osteogenesis and mineralization.