Addressing the Persistent Threat of Emerging Micropollutants: Innovative Treatment Technologies for Protecting Human Health and Ecosystem Stability

The presence of emerging micropollutants (EMPs) in the environment has been creating significant risks to human health and ecosystem integrity. These contaminants including steroid hormones, industrial chemicals, detergents, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and microplastics often resist conventional water and wastewater treatment methods, necessitating the development of advanced mitigation technologies. This review critically explores EMPs alongside cutting-edge treatment strategies encompassing physicochemical, biological, nanomaterial-assisted, and omics-driven approaches, emphasizing wastewater remediation, environmental sustainability, and resource recovery in line with global sustainability goals. These advancements could support to improve water quality and promote ecosystem health. Furthermore, the reuse of micropollutant-free treated water for non-potable applications such as irrigation and industrial processes is essential to conserve freshwater resources and reduce the pollutant discharge. Ultimately, a multidisciplinary approach grounded in innovative technologies and scientific expertise is vital to handle the challenges posed by EMPs, thereby fostering a cleaner and healthier environment for future generations.