Advancements n 3 boprntng for nanopartcle evaluaton: Technques, models, and bologcal applcatons

Three-dmensonal (3) boprntng technology has opened new possbltes for nanopartcle evaluaton. Ths revew dscusses the latest research trends usng varous dsease models created through 3 boprntng for the bologcal evaluaton of nanopartcles. The focus s on tumor models, vascular models, and skn models. In tumor models, evaluatons nclude anttumor effects, gene expresson analyss, and cytotoxcty comparsons between 2 and 3 models. Vascular models are used to assess restenoss preventon, schemc repar, and vascular regeneraton. Skn models are employed to nvestgate nanopartcle toxcty, drug release, and transdermal penetraton. These studes hghlght the versatlty of 3 boprntng n replcatng complex bologcal envronments, enablng more accurate nanopartcle testng. The use of varous bonks and cell types enhances the relevance of in vitro findngs. The ntegraton of nanopartcles wth 3-boprnted models shows sgnficant potental n advancng therapeutc strateges, ncludng cancer treatment, vascular repar, and drug delvery systems. Overall, by provdng selected examples to llustrate the concepts, ths comprehensve revew underscores the mportance of 3 boprntng as an nnovatve platform for nanopartcle research, brdgng the gap between tradtonal 2 cell cultures and in vivo studes, and contrbutng to the development of nanomedcnes and personalzed medcal treatments.