Biodegradable sponges based on starch, hyaluronic acid, and poly-l-lysine as potent hemostatic agents

Uncontrolled hemorrhage is a major cause of death in surgical operations; therefore, controlling hemorrhage is a key factor in preserving life. In this study, we investigated the hemostatic efficacy of materials based on starch (ST), hyaluronic acid (HA), and poly-l-lysine (PLL) in vitro and in vivo. FTIR results showed a combination of ST, HA, and PLL. The contact angles of the samples were hydrophilic. ST–HA–PLL samples were found to have the highest rate (590%) and the lowest hemoglobin-binding efficacy among all the tested samples. The fastest hemostasis was enabled by ST–HA–PLL in vivo. The histological results indicated that the manufactured samples were cyto- and biocompatible. Therefore, we suggest that the manufactured samples have better hemostatic capacity than commercial products. Furthermore, ST–HA–PLL was found to be the best hemostatic material among the manufactured samples. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].