Bio–Microfabrication of 2D and 3D Biomimetic Gut-on-a-Chip

Traditional goal of microfabrication was to limitedly construct nano- and micro-geometries on silicon or quartz wafers using various semiconductor manufacturing technologies, such as photolithography, soft lithography, etching, deposition, and so on. However, recent integration with biotechnologies has led to a wide expansion of microfabrication. In particular, many researchers studying pharmacology and pathology are very interested in producing in vitro models that mimic the actual intestine to study the effectiveness of new drug testing and interactions between organs. Various bio–microfabrication techniques have been developed while solving inherent problems when developing in vitro micromodels that mimic the real large intestine. This intensive review introduces various bio–microfabrication techniques that have been used, until recently, to realize two-dimensional and three-dimensional biomimetic experimental models. Regarding the topic of gut chips, two major review subtopics and two-dimensional and three-dimensional gut chips were employed, focusing on the membrane-based manufacturing process for two-dimensional gut chips and the scaffold-based manufacturing process for three-dimensional gut chips, respectively.