CFD Model Verification and Aerodynamic Analysis in Large-Scaled Venlo Greenhouse for Tomato Cultivation

To address the challenges of climate change and food security, the establishment of smart farm complexes is necessary. While there have been numerous studies on the productivity and environmental control of individual greenhouses, research on greenhouse complexes is considerably limited. Conducting environmental studies during the design phase of these complexes poses financial constraints and practical limitations in terms of on-site experiments. To identify potential issues that may arise when developing large-scale greenhouse complexes, it is possible to utilize modeling techniques using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to assess environmental concerns and location issues before constructing the facilities. Consequently, simulating large-scale CFD models that incorporate multiple greenhouses and atmospheric conditions simultaneously presents significant numerical challenges. The objective of this study was to design and verify the 3D CFD model for a large-scale Venlo greenhouse, where acquiring field data before construction is not feasible for designing a greenhouse complex. The verification of the CFD models was conducted using the improved grid independence test (GIT) and wall Y⁺ approaches. The findings revealed that a grid resolution of 0.8 m and a first-layer height of 0.04 m were suitable for developing large-scale greenhouse models, resulting in a low Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 3.9% and a high coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.968. This process led to a significant reduction of 38% in the number of grid cells. Subsequently, the aerodynamic characteristics and regional ventilation efficiency were analyzed in a 3D greenhouse model for developing a new large-scale greenhouse complex.