Development of high energy density supercapacitor through hydrothermal synthesis of RGO/nano-structured cobalt sulphide composites

Co₉S₈/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composites were prepared on nickel foam substrate through hydrothermal reaction and used directly as supercapacitor electrode. The field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis of the composites showed the formation of Co₉S₈ nano-rods on the RGO surfaces. The average crystal size of the Co₉S₈ nano rods grown on the RGO sheets were ∼25-36 nm as calculated from x-ray diffraction analysis. The reduction of graphene oxide (GO) was confirmed by Raman and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The electrical conductivity of the Co₉S₈/RGO composite was recorded as 1690 S m^-1 at room temperature, which is much higher than that of pure GO further confirming the hydrothermal reduction of GO. Cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were investigated to check the electrochemical performances of the Co₉S₈/RGO composites. The Co₉S₈/RGO composites supported on nickel foam showed very high specific capacitance (Sc)(1349 F g^-1 at a current density of 2.2 A g^-1), energy density (68.6 W h kg^-1) and power density (1319 W kg^-1) in 6 M KOH electrolyte. The retention in Sc of the composite electrode was found to be ∼96% after 1000 charge-discharge cycles.