Dopamine-Functionalized Gellan Gum Hydrogel as a Candidate Biomaterial for a Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cell Delivery System

In this study, dopamine-functionalized gellan gum (DFG) hydrogel was prepared as a carrier for retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell delivery via a carbodiimide reaction. The carboxylic acid of gellan gum (GG) was replaced with catechol in a 21.3% yield, which was confirmed by NMR. Sol fraction and weight loss measurements revealed that dopamine improved degradability in the GG hydrogel. Measurements of the viscosity, injection force, and compressibility also showed that dopamine-functionalized GG hydrogels had more desirable rheological/mechanical properties for improving injectability. These characteristics were confirmed to arise from the GG's helix structure loosened by the dopamine's bulky nature. Moreover, dopamine's hydrophilic characteristics were confirmed to create a more favorable microenvironment for cell growth by promoting swelling capability and cell attachment. This improved biocompatibility became more pronounced when the hydrophilicity of dopamine was combined with a larger specific surface area stemming from the less porous structure of the dopamine-grafted hydrogels. This effect was apparent from the live/dead staining images of the as-prepared hydrogels. Meanwhile, the nonionic cross-linked DFG (DG) hydrogel showed the lowest protein expression in the immunofluorescence staining images obtained after 28 days of culture, supporting that it had the highest degradability and associated cell-releasing ability. That tendency was also observed in the gene expression data acquired by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. RT-PCR analysis also revealed that the DG hydrogel carrier could upregulate the visual function-related gene of RPE. Overall, the DG hydrogel system demonstrated its feasibility as a carrier of RPE cells and its potential as a means of improving visual function.