Enhanced northward propagation of boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation in the western north Pacific linked to the tropical Indian Ocean warming

While decadal changes in Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) have received considerable attention, the corresponding changes in Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation (BSISO) have yet to be well understood. In this study, we show the enhanced northward propagation of BSISO in the Western North Pacific (WNP) during the 2000s compared to the 1980s–1990s. Observational analyses and model experiments suggest this enhancement is partially attributed to the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) warming. The TIO warming tends to increase the air-sea interaction, enhancing moisture anomalies in the free atmosphere. Consequently, this increase in moisture anomalies strengthens BSISO-scale convection through increased convective anomalies at the north of the BSISO center, thereby enhancing the northward propagation of BSISO. Additionally, vorticity changes resulting from mean-state zonal vertical shear also contribute to the BSISO decadal change. Our findings underscore the importance of considering the interaction between BSISO and changes in the ocean mean state in future assessments.