Evaluation of characteristics on titanium surface treatment for absorption of functional groups

Background In order to bind or fix bioactive materials directly to the surface of a Ti implant, the prior binding process of functional groups (FGs, -COOH and -OH) to the implant surface is necessary. Conventional binding processes are so high-cost and complex, so it is essential to find a simple and effective procedure for Ti-FG binding. Methods Various electrolyte compositions and electrochemical processing were adopted in this study to develop a relatively simple and effective Ti-FG binding process. The ability of Ti-FG binding and calcium (Ca)/phosphorous (P) absorption and corrosion resistance were evaluated according to various titanium surface treatment in electrolyte involving -COOH and -OH ion by using X ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and potentiodynamic scan method respectively. Results In cases of -COOH, the anodic oxidation process (AN) showed an effective binding ability between -COOH and Ti surface. On the other hand, in cases of -OH, there were no significant differences in the result between the conditions used. In regard to the absorption of Ca and P on Ti surface, there was a minimal amount of Ca absorbed but no P was absorbed. The anodic oxidation series showed homogenous corrosion, whereas the electrolyte immersion (EL) series showed unstable corrosion. Although EL-OH showed a novel corrosion potential, the EL-COOH series showed good corrosion resistance over the anodic potential range. Conclusions The ability of binding between FG and the Ti surface and Ca/P absorption were strongly associated with the surface potential (ζ potential), which was dependent on the pH of the electrolyte. Accordingly, in order to achieve the effective absorption of various FGs on the Ti surface, it is needed to develop the combination process in addition to the electric affinity, relation with the ζ potential.