High uniformity and stability of graphene transparent conducting electrodes by dual-side doping

Chemical doping is an efficient method to tailor the electrical properties of graphene transparent conductive electrodes. In general, chemically doped graphene by single-side exhibits a drawback of high conductivity but inferior uniformity and stability after exposure to chemical solvent or annealing process. Here, we report a highly uniform and stable graphene transparent conducting electrodes doped by dual-side with macro- and small molecular organic dopants such as Nafion on the top and benzimidazole (BI) at the bottom. The electrical properties, optical properties, and stability were compared depending on the top-side dopants. Dual-side doping showed a higher work function (>5 eV), and a uniform low sheet resistance (less than 200 Ω sq⁻¹) compared to the single-side doping. The Dual-N exhibited a relatively higher figure of merit (FoM, σ_DC/σ_op ∼ 62.38), a smoother surface (R_rms ∼ 0.54 nm), and a superior thermal/chemical stability than the Dual-A, showing the potential possibility as alternative electrodes for next-generation flexible electronic devices.