Identification of quantitative trait loci for spikelet fertility at the booting stage in rice (oryza sativa l.) under different low-temperature conditions

Cold stress in rice is a critical factor limiting growth and yield in temperate regions. In this study, we identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring cold tolerance during the booting stage using a recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between a cold-susceptible Tongil-type cultivar Milyang23 and a cold-tolerant japonica cultivar Giho. A phenotypic evaluation was performed in a cold-water-irrigated field (17 ^◦C) and a temperature-controlled (17 ^◦C/17 ^◦C air and water) greenhouse at the booting stage. Four QTL, including two on chromosome 1 and one each on chromosomes 6 and 9, were identified in the cold-water-irrigated field, with an R² range of 6.3%–10.6%. Three QTL, one on each of chromosomes 2, 6 and 9, were identified under the temperature-controlled greenhouse condition, with an R² range of 5.7%–15.1%. Among these, two QTL pairs on chromosomes 6 (qSFF6 and qSFG6) and 9 (qSFF9 and qSFG9) were detected in the cold treatments of both field and greenhouse screenings. Our results provide a reliable dual-screening strategy for rice cold tolerance at the booting stage.