Lead biotransformation potential of allochthonous Bacillus sp. SKK11 with sesame oil cake extract in mine soil

The potential of allochthonous Bacillus sp. SKK11 and sesame oil cake extract for the immobilization of Pb in mine soil was investigated in this study. The isolate SKK11, isolated from a brackish environment and identified as Bacillus sp. based on partial 16S rDNA sequencing, exhibited maximum resistance to Pb (750 mg L^-1). Growth kinetic studies revealed that the presence of oil cake extract (2%) increased the biomass of the isolate SKK11. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction studies showed that isolate SKK11 transformed Pb either intracellularly or extracellularly. Selective sequential extraction studies showed that the bioremediation decreased 24.9% of the exchangeable fraction in the mine soil in 3 days. However, 75.1% of the exchangeable fraction was not immobilized in the soil. An X-ray diffractogram of the bioremediated soil showed a major decrease (79.0%) in the intensity of the plagioclase mineral peak. Urease, dehydrogenase, amylase, invertase, cellulase, and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activities were increased in the bioremediated mine soil. These results suggest that the isolate Bacillus sp. SKK11 in combination with sesame oil cake extract could be employed for the immobilization of bioavailable Pb in contaminated soil.