Magnetically tuned TiO₂-based superparamagnetic nanocomposites facilitate mechanobiological osteogenic differentiation under a computationally calculated static magnetic field

Bioactive composites incorporating superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been explored for multiple applications, including drug delivery, cancer treatment, and bone tissue regeneration. Despite their potential, the rapid degradation of these particles remains a challenge, often resulting in cellular and DNA damage, as well as tissue inflammation. This study introduces newly synthesized titanium dioxide (TiO₂)-based superparamagnetic nanoparticles, created by coating SPIONs onto TiO₂ nanoparticles. These TiO₂ nanoparticles were synthesized via an acetic acid-assisted sol-gel method and subsequently coated with SPIONs during the hydrolysis process, without the need for an intermediary layer to bind the particles. The physicochemical properties, magnetizations, and corrosion resistance of the composite nanoparticles were thoroughly analyzed, revealing the presence of magnetic particles on their surfaces and enhanced electrochemical activity in phosphate-buffered saline. Furthermore, our study evaluated improvements in cell biocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation induced by static magnetic field stimulation, supported by quantitative analysis and cell mineralization staining assays. The results highlight the advantages of these hybrid titanium-based superparamagnetic composites for their considerable potential in biomedical applications by utilizing the synergistic properties of both components.