Mechanochemical synthesis of melamine doped TiO₂ nanoparticles for dye sensitized solar cells application

In a quest for developing new material with performance of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) a non-metallic doping i.e., of nitrogen was carried out to commercial TiO₂ nanoparticle using simple, facile and sustainable mechanochemistry method. Melamine was used as source of nitrogen and different weight percentages (10, 30, 50, 70 and 90%), mixed with TiO₂ mechanically in a ball mill for 12 h at an speed of 500 rotations per minute followed by annealing at 550 °C for 2 h under constant N₂ flow. The post nitrogen doping structural analysis indicated anatase phase of TiO₂.The morphological observations by transmission electron microscopy did not show change due to melamine and particle size remains less than 30 nm. N-doping resulted in an increased wavelength of peak absorption from 334 nm to about 350 nm and shifting of absorption edge from UV (~ 400 nm) to visible region (~ 500 nm) resulting in the reduction of the band gap from 3.14 to 2.43 eV which is supported by XPS and Tauc plot analysis. The functional analysis reveals amide bond at higher melamine concentration. The DSSC characteristics were measured with source-meter coupled with simulated light source which shows a significant increase of cell efficiency from 26 with 10% of melamine to that of 86 with 90% melamine. The increase in efficiency was linear with increasing nitrogen doping concentration. The study suggested that melamine can be used as a suitable N-dopant source for improved photoconversion properties that can help engineer to develop a device with enhanced performance.