Myco-phytoremediation of arsenic- and lead-contaminated soils by Helianthus annuus and wood rot fungi, Trichoderma sp. isolated from decayed wood

In the present study, Helianthus annuus grown in arsenic- (As) and lead- (Pb) contaminated soil were treated with plant-growth promoting fungi Trichoderma sp. MG isolated from decayed wood and assessed for their phytoremediation efficiency. The isolate MG exhibited a high tolerance to As (650 mg/L) and Pb (500 mg/L), and could remove > 70% of metals in aqueous solution with an initial concentration of 100 mg/L each. In addition, the isolate MG was screened for plant-growth-promoting factors such as siderophores, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase, indole acetic acid (IAA) synthesis, and phosphate solubilisation. Phytoremediation studies indicated that treatment of H. annuus with the isolate MG had the maximum metal-accumulation in shoots (As; 67%, Pb; 59%). Furthermore, a significant increase in the soil extracellular enzyme-activities was observed in myco-phytoremediated soils. The activities of phosphatase (35 U/g dry soil), dehydrogenase (41 mg TPF/g soil), cellulase (37.2 mg glucose/g/2 h), urease (55.4 mg N/g soil/2 h), amylase (49.3 mg glucose/g/2 h) and invertase (45.3 mg glucose/g/2 h) significantly increased by 12%, 14%, 12%, 22%, 19% and 14% in As contaminated soil, respectively. Similarly, the activities of phosphatase (31.4 U/g dry soil), dehydrogenase (39.3 mg TPF/g soil), cellulase (37.1 mg glucose/g/2 h), urease (49.8 mg N/g soil/2 h), amylase (46.3 mg glucose/g/2 h), and invertase (42.1 mg glucose/g/2 h) significantly increased by 11%, 15%, 11%, 18%, 20% and 14% in Pb contaminated soil, respectively. Obtained results indicate that the isolate MG could be a potential strain for myco-phytoremediation of As and Pb contaminated soil.