Optimization of lead-free materials-based perovskite solar cell using SCAPS-1D simulation

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are the foremost transition in photovoltaics approaching commercialization. The tin-based perovskites take off the toxic lead-based perovskites in the solar cells. The parameters of each layer in the device play a significant role in the device performance graph. The main aim of this simulation is to design a highly efficient and environment-friendly PSC. The influence of parameters such as device temperature, total defect density, work function, thickness, and electron affinity plays a vital role in the photovoltaic response. Here, the active layer is explored in this study. After the SCAPS-1D simulation of FTO (fluorine-dopped oxide)/SnO₂/FASnI₃/CuI/Au based device, the impact of optimization of the device temperature and active layer, the performance parametric of the device is analyzed, which led to the breakthrough by a surprising rise in PCE of 30.33 %, V_OC = 1.28 V, J_SC = 27.72 mA/cm² and FF = 85.33 % with active layer thickness of 450 nm, N_t = 1 × 10¹³ cm⁻³ and at the device operating temperature at 300K providing a valuable vision for tin-based perovskite applications.