Preparation of inhalable N-acetylcysteine-loaded magnetite chitosan microparticles for nitrate adsorption in particulate matter

Airborne particulate matter has been designated as a class 1 carcinogen by the World Health Organization. Nitrate is a toxic substance that accounts for a large proportion of particulate matter, and nitrate toxicity has long been reported. In this study, we aimed to optimize the adsorption and removal of particulate matter containing nitrate for effective elimination by the lungs. To this end, particles were designed to optimize the inhalation and removal efficiencies. These particles were prepared as chitosan-based particles containing N-acetylcysteine by using emulsion diffusion methods. Chitosan adsorbs nitrate, while N-acetylcysteine dissolves mucus. This removal mechanism has been found to occur in various in vitro models that mimic respiratory environments and in vivo models. In particular, the removal of exogenous substances, such as particulate matter, by the motility of respiratory cilia through mucolytic effect was investigated. This new approach for the adsorption and elimination of toxic substances entering the lungs represents an alternative defense mechanism against exposure to nitrates from air pollution.