Protective effects of Tenebrio molitor and Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis extracts on aging: Regulation of blood–brain barrier, amyloid β plaques, and intestinal inflammation in D-galactose-induced aging mice

Insects are considered as a potentially eco-friendly, highly nutritious, and protein-rich food source. We evaluated the effects of Tenebrio molitor (Tm) and Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Pbs) extracts in a mouse model of D-galactose (D-Gal) aging, focusing on the impact of the insect extracts on neuronal viability, blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity, and gut health. D-gal administration led to cognitive and behavioral deficits and increased anxiety levels. Tm and Pbs extracts increased glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels; protected neurons in the brain, preventing BBB disruption and brain edema; and prevented the deposition of amyloid-β plaques in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Furthermore, both extracts prevented disruption of gut epithelial integrity and mitigated intestinal inflammation. Our findings suggest a novel therapeutic potential of insect extracts against aging-related changes; they can be used as functional foods in the aging process by controlling the BBB and intestinal health.