Rhododendron arboreum Sm. anthocyanin-infused starch, chitosan, and polyvinyl alcohol based composite films: Comparative analysis of physical, UV barrier, antioxidant and intelligent behavior

Rhododendron arboreum Sm. is found abundantly in the Himalayan region of Nepal and other Asian countries, and anthocyanins extracted from its flower were utilized to develop intelligent food packaging films. The films were synthesized by blending chitosan (CS) with starch (ST), CS with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and ST with PVA, incorporating anthocyanin from R. arboreum. A comparative analysis was conducted to evaluate their potential applications in food packaging. Analytical techniques like FESEM, IR spectroscopy, XRD, and TGA confirmed strong interactions between the polymer matrix and anthocyanins through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic attraction. All samples containing anthocyanins exhibited effective UV light barrier properties, with the PVA/ST/ACNs films showing UV blocking up to 450 nm and exhibiting superior antioxidant properties. The pH sensing ability, antioxidant properties, and ammonia sensitivity depend both on anthocyanin and the composition of the polymer matrix. Ammonia sensitivity was highest for PVA/ST/ACNs (70.1 %), followed by PVA/CS/ACNs (47.8 %) and CS/ST/ACNs (5.6 %). Chicken meat packaged with PVA/ST/ACNs films for 48 h showed TVB-N at 46.39 mg/100 g, pH 8.6, and film color changed from reddish pink to greenish-yellow, signifying spoilage. These findings suggest potential for the film as intelligent packaging to monitor meat freshness, correlating TVB-N, pH, and film color.