Simple Additive to MAPbI₃ Solution that Enhances Film Quality of Mini-Module Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated under Moderate Humidity

An additive to perovskite material can play a crucial role in the fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs); the additive treatment investigated herein produces promising overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) enhancements. Currently, the fabrication of PSCs is mainly carried out under the dry air of a glove box to avoid moisture adsorption by methylammonium lead iodide perovskites; these tight restrictions in how PSCs are fabricated hinder the possibility of their commercialization. In this study, a technique that uses C₁₂F₄N₄ as an additive to the MAPbI₃ for the one-step deposition of perovskite layers under moderate humidity is presented; this approach is able to achieve high-quality perovskite films despite the adverse condition. The added C₁₂F₄N₄ bridges the gaps between the MAPbI₃ grain boundaries and significantly enhances all the photovoltaic parameters compared to using pristine methylammonium lead iodide; this method even eventually enhances the overall PCE. Both, single-cell and optimized five-cell integrated mini-module devices in moderately humid conditions are fabricated. This facile method presents new possibilities for scaling up PSCs production in humid environments.