Wearable sweat glucose monitoring patches enabled by double network hydrogel-MoS₂/PEDOT: PSS nanocomposite

Wearable sensors are valuable for monitoring vital signs such as body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure, but accurate health diagnostics often require molecular-level data. Sweat, rich in electrolytes, metabolites, and proteins, serves as an informative biofluid for health assessment. In this study, we developed a wearable electrochemical sweat-glucose sensor featuring enhanced mechanical toughness and strong adhesion. The sensor incorporates a double-network hydrogel (DNH) adhesive layer and a MoS₂/PEDOT:PSS (MNP) nanocomposite-coated electrode, enabling stable skin attachment and reliable performance. Electrochemical evaluations demonstrated a high electroactive surface area (54.4 mm²), linear glucose detection (1–300 μM), and high sensitivity (9.76 μA·mM⁻¹·cm⁻²) with an LOD of 0.055 μM. The sensor exhibited excellent glucose selectivity and effectively tracked sweat glucose fluctuations after meals and sugar intake, confirming its reliability for non-invasive glucose monitoring. This work underscores the sensor's potential for continuous health monitoring and advanced wearable healthcare technologies.