Advances in solid-state lithium–sulfur batteries for next-generation energy storage

The increasing demand for high-performance energy storage has intensified the pursuit of alternatives to conventional lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-sulfur (Li–S) batteries has been extensively used due to their high theoretical energy density (2600 Wh kg⁻¹), low cost, and sulfur's environmental benefits. However, traditional Li–S systems face challenges including polysulfide shuttle effects, lithium dendrite formation, and limited cycle life. Incorporating solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) have enhanced the safety and stability by replacing flammable liquids. Recent progress in solid-state Li–S (SSLS) batteries includes development of high-conductivity SSEs (sulfide, halide, polymer-ceramic composites), electrodes provided with the volume changes and minimize interfacial resistance, and improved cathode architectures for optimized ion/electron transport. This review comprehensively analyzes the development in solid-state lithium-sulfur (SSLS) batteries over the past decade. SSLS development is driven by the potential for higher energy density and enhanced safety that have been essential for next-generation energy storage.This review also focuses on solid electrolytes as the key enabler for solid-state lithium-sulfur (SSLS) battery performance, addressing the challenges associated with liquid electrolytes such as flammability, polysulfide shuttle, and lithium dendrite formation. Finally, the review highlights the importance of integrated cell design, where optimized electrode architectures and advanced solid electrolytes work synergistically to maximize performance..